macでインフォマティクス

macでインフォマティクス

HTS (NGS) 関連のインフォマティクス情報についてまとめています。

高速なRNA seqのマッピングツール STAR

2019 2/15 動画とbiocondaによる install追加

2020 7/6 コメントとhelp追加

2021 10/9 gzip fastqのオプション追記、12/5 chimera出力について追記

2024/02/20 情報を整頓

 

STARは高速なRNAのアライメントツール。intron-exonのsplit-alingmentに対応している。動作はbowtie2より10倍以上高速とされ、マッピング感度の高さとエラー率の低さは既存のツールと同等とされている。

 

github

https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR

マニュアル

https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/blob/master/doc/STARmanual.pdf

STAR: RNA-Seq Read Aligner

 

インストール

wget https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/archive/2.5.3a.tar.gz 
tar -xzf 2.5.3a.tar.gz
cd STAR-2.5.3a/bin/MacOSX_x86_64/

#Anacondaを使っているならcondaで導入可能
conda install -c bioconda -y star

star --help

$ star --help

Usage: STAR  [options]... --genomeDir /path/to/genome/index/   --readFilesIn R1.fq R2.fq

Spliced Transcripts Alignment to a Reference (c) Alexander Dobin, 2009-2019

 

For more details see:

<https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR>

<https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/blob/master/doc/STARmanual.pdf>

 

### versions

versionGenome           2.7.1a

    string: earliest genome index version compatible with this STAR release. Please do not change this value!

 

### Parameter Files

parametersFiles          -

    string: name of a user-defined parameters file, "-": none. Can only be defined on the command line.

 

### System

sysShell            -

    string: path to the shell binary, preferably bash, e.g. /bin/bash.

                    - ... the default shell is executed, typically /bin/sh. This was reported to fail on some Ubuntu systems - then you need to specify path to bash.

 

### Run Parameters

runMode                         alignReads

    string: type of the run.

 

                                alignReads             ... map reads

                                genomeGenerate         ... generate genome files

                                inputAlignmentsFromBAM ... input alignments from BAM. Presently only works with --outWigType and --bamRemoveDuplicates.

                                liftOver               ... lift-over of GTF files (--sjdbGTFfile) between genome assemblies using chain file(s) from --genomeChainFiles.

 

runThreadN                      1

    int: number of threads to run STAR

 

runDirPerm                      User_RWX

    string: permissions for the directories created at the run-time.

                                User_RWX ... user-read/write/execute

                                All_RWX  ... all-read/write/execute (same as chmod 777)

 

runRNGseed                      777

    int: random number generator seed.

 

 

### Genome Parameters

genomeDir                   ./GenomeDir/

    string: path to the directory where genome files are stored (for --runMode alignReads) or will be generated (for --runMode generateGenome)

 

genomeLoad                NoSharedMemory

    string: mode of shared memory usage for the genome files. Only used with --runMode alignReads.

                          LoadAndKeep     ... load genome into shared and keep it in memory after run

                          LoadAndRemove   ... load genome into shared but remove it after run

                          LoadAndExit     ... load genome into shared memory and exit, keeping the genome in memory for future runs

                          Remove          ... do not map anything, just remove loaded genome from memory

                          NoSharedMemory  ... do not use shared memory, each job will have its own private copy of the genome

 

genomeFastaFiles            -

    string(s): path(s) to the fasta files with the genome sequences, separated by spaces. These files should be plain text FASTA files, they *cannot* be zipped.

                            Required for the genome generation (--runMode genomeGenerate). Can also be used in the mapping (--runMode alignReads) to add extra (new) sequences to the genome (e.g. spike-ins).

 

genomeChainFiles            -

    string: chain files for genomic liftover. Only used with --runMode liftOver .

 

genomeFileSizes             0

    uint(s)>0: genome files exact sizes in bytes. Typically, this should not be defined by the user.

 

genomeConsensusFile         -

    string: VCF file with consensus SNPs (i.e. alternative allele is the major (AF>0.5) allele)

 

### Genome Indexing Parameters - only used with --runMode genomeGenerate

genomeChrBinNbits           18

    int: =log2(chrBin), where chrBin is the size of the bins for genome storage: each chromosome will occupy an integer number of bins. For a genome with large number of contigs, it is recommended to scale this parameter as min(18, log2[max(GenomeLength/NumberOfReferences,ReadLength)]).

 

genomeSAindexNbases         14

    int: length (bases) of the SA pre-indexing string. Typically between 10 and 15. Longer strings will use much more memory, but allow faster searches. For small genomes, the parameter --genomeSAindexNbases must be scaled down to min(14, log2(GenomeLength)/2 - 1).

 

genomeSAsparseD             1

    int>0: suffux array sparsity, i.e. distance between indices: use bigger numbers to decrease needed RAM at the cost of mapping speed reduction

 

genomeSuffixLengthMax       -1

    int: maximum length of the suffixes, has to be longer than read length. -1 = infinite.

 

 

### Splice Junctions Database

sjdbFileChrStartEnd                     -

    string(s): path to the files with genomic coordinates (chr <tab> start <tab> end <tab> strand) for the splice junction introns. Multiple files can be supplied wand will be concatenated.

 

sjdbGTFfile                             -

    string: path to the GTF file with annotations

 

sjdbGTFchrPrefix                        -

    string: prefix for chromosome names in a GTF file (e.g. 'chr' for using ENSMEBL annotations with UCSC genomes)

 

sjdbGTFfeatureExon                      exon

    string: feature type in GTF file to be used as exons for building transcripts

 

sjdbGTFtagExonParentTranscript          transcript_id

    string: GTF attribute name for parent transcript ID (default "transcript_id" works for GTF files)

 

sjdbGTFtagExonParentGene                gene_id

    string: GTF attribute name for parent gene ID (default "gene_id" works for GTF files)

 

sjdbGTFtagExonParentGeneName            gene_name

    string(s): GTF attrbute name for parent gene name

 

sjdbGTFtagExonParentGeneType            gene_type gene_biotype

    string(s): GTF attrbute name for parent gene type

 

sjdbOverhang                            100

    int>0: length of the donor/acceptor sequence on each side of the junctions, ideally = (mate_length - 1)

 

sjdbScore                               2

    int: extra alignment score for alignmets that cross database junctions

 

sjdbInsertSave                          Basic

    string: which files to save when sjdb junctions are inserted on the fly at the mapping step

Basic ... only small junction / transcript files

All   ... all files including big Genome, SA and SAindex - this will create a complete genome directory

 

### Variation parameters

varVCFfile                              -

    string: path to the VCF file that contains variation data.

 

### Input Files

inputBAMfile                -

    string: path to BAM input file, to be used with --runMode inputAlignmentsFromBAM

 

### Read Parameters

readFilesType               Fastx

    string: format of input read files

                            Fastx       ... FASTA or FASTQ

                            SAM SE      ... SAM or BAM single-end reads; for BAM use --readFilesCommand samtools view

                            SAM PE      ... SAM or BAM paired-end reads; for BAM use --readFilesCommand samtools view

 

readFilesIn                 Read1 Read2

    string(s): paths to files that contain input read1 (and, if needed,  read2)

 

readFilesPrefix             -

    string: preifx for the read files names, i.e. it will be added in front of the strings in --readFilesIn

                            -: no prefix

 

readFilesCommand             -

    string(s): command line to execute for each of the input file. This command should generate FASTA or FASTQ text and send it to stdout

               For example: zcat - to uncompress .gz files, bzcat - to uncompress .bz2 files, etc.

 

readMapNumber               -1

    int: number of reads to map from the beginning of the file

                            -1: map all reads

 

readMatesLengthsIn          NotEqual

    string: Equal/NotEqual - lengths of names,sequences,qualities for both mates are the same  / not the same. NotEqual is safe in all situations.

 

readNameSeparator           /

    string(s): character(s) separating the part of the read names that will be trimmed in output (read name after space is always trimmed)

 

readQualityScoreBase        33

    int>=0: number to be subtracted from the ASCII code to get Phred quality score

 

clip3pNbases                 0

    int(s): number(s) of bases to clip from 3p of each mate. If one value is given, it will be assumed the same for both mates.

 

clip5pNbases                 0

    int(s): number(s) of bases to clip from 5p of each mate. If one value is given, it will be assumed the same for both mates.

 

clip3pAdapterSeq            -

    string(s): adapter sequences to clip from 3p of each mate.  If one value is given, it will be assumed the same for both mates.

 

clip3pAdapterMMp            0.1

    double(s): max proportion of mismatches for 3p adpater clipping for each mate.  If one value is given, it will be assumed the same for both mates.

 

clip3pAfterAdapterNbases    0

    int(s): number of bases to clip from 3p of each mate after the adapter clipping. If one value is given, it will be assumed the same for both mates.

 

 

### Limits

limitGenomeGenerateRAM               31000000000

    int>0: maximum available RAM (bytes) for genome generation

 

limitIObufferSize                    150000000

    int>0: max available buffers size (bytes) for input/output, per thread

 

limitOutSAMoneReadBytes              100000

    int>0: max size of the SAM record (bytes) for one read. Recommended value: >(2*(LengthMate1+LengthMate2+100)*outFilterMultimapNmax

 

limitOutSJoneRead                    1000

    int>0: max number of junctions for one read (including all multi-mappers)

 

limitOutSJcollapsed                  1000000

    int>0: max number of collapsed junctions

 

limitBAMsortRAM                         0

    int>=0: maximum available RAM (bytes) for sorting BAM. If =0, it will be set to the genome index size. 0 value can only be used with --genomeLoad NoSharedMemory option.

 

limitSjdbInsertNsj                     1000000

    int>=0: maximum number of junction to be inserted to the genome on the fly at the mapping stage, including those from annotations and those detected in the 1st step of the 2-pass run

 

limitNreadsSoft                        -1

    int: soft limit on the number of reads

 

### Output: general

outFileNamePrefix               ./

    string: output files name prefix (including full or relative path). Can only be defined on the command line.

 

outTmpDir                       -

    string: path to a directory that will be used as temporary by STAR. All contents of this directory will be removed!

            - the temp directory will default to outFileNamePrefix_STARtmp

 

outTmpKeep                      None

    string: whether to keep the tempporary files after STAR runs is finished

                                None ... remove all temporary files

                                All .. keep all files

 

outStd                          Log

    string: which output will be directed to stdout (standard out)

                                Log                    ... log messages

                                SAM                    ... alignments in SAM format (which normally are output to Aligned.out.sam file), normal standard output will go into Log.std.out

                                BAM_Unsorted           ... alignments in BAM format, unsorted. Requires --outSAMtype BAM Unsorted

                                BAM_SortedByCoordinate ... alignments in BAM format, unsorted. Requires --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate

                                BAM_Quant              ... alignments to transcriptome in BAM format, unsorted. Requires --quantMode TranscriptomeSAM

 

outReadsUnmapped                None

   string: output of unmapped and partially mapped (i.e. mapped only one mate of a paired end read) reads in separate file(s).

                                None    ... no output

                                Fastx   ... output in separate fasta/fastq files, Unmapped.out.mate1/2

 

outQSconversionAdd              0

   int: add this number to the quality score (e.g. to convert from Illumina to Sanger, use -31)

 

outMultimapperOrder             Old_2.4

    string: order of multimapping alignments in the output files

                                Old_2.4             ... quasi-random order used before 2.5.0

                                Random              ... random order of alignments for each multi-mapper. Read mates (pairs) are always adjacent, all alignment for each read stay together. This option will become default in the future releases.

 

### Output: SAM and BAM

outSAMtype                      SAM

    strings: type of SAM/BAM output

                                1st word:

                                BAM  ... output BAM without sorting

                                SAM  ... output SAM without sorting

                                None ... no SAM/BAM output

                                2nd, 3rd:

                                Unsorted           ... standard unsorted

                                SortedByCoordinate ... sorted by coordinate. This option will allocate extra memory for sorting which can be specified by --limitBAMsortRAM.

 

outSAMmode                      Full

    string: mode of SAM output

                                None ... no SAM output

                                Full ... full SAM output

                                NoQS ... full SAM but without quality scores

 

outSAMstrandField                               None

    string: Cufflinks-like strand field flag

                                None        ... not used

                                intronMotif ... strand derived from the intron motif. Reads with inconsistent and/or non-canonical introns are filtered out.

 

outSAMattributes                Standard

    string: a string of desired SAM attributes, in the order desired for the output SAM

                                NH HI AS nM NM MD jM jI XS MC ch ... any combination in any order

                                None        ... no attributes

                                Standard    ... NH HI AS nM

                                All         ... NH HI AS nM NM MD jM jI MC ch

                                vA          ... variant allele

                                vG          ... genomic coordiante of the variant overlapped by the read

                                vW          ... 0/1 - alignment does not pass / passes WASP filtering. Requires --waspOutputMode SAMtag

                                STARsolo:

                                CR CY UR UY ... sequences and quality scores of cell barcodes and UMIs for the solo* demultiplexing

                                CB UB       ... error-corrected cell barcodes and UMIs for solo* demultiplexing. Requires --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate.

                                sM          ... assessment of CB and UMI

                                sS          ... sequence of the entire barcode (CB,UMI,adapter...)

                                sQ          ... quality of the entire barcode

                                Unsupported/undocumented:

                                rB          ... alignment block read/genomic coordinates

                                vR          ... read coordinate of the variant

 

outSAMattrIHstart               1

    int>=0:                     start value for the IH attribute. 0 may be required by some downstream software, such as Cufflinks or StringTie.

 

outSAMunmapped                  None

    string(s): output of unmapped reads in the SAM format

                                1st word:

                                None   ... no output

                                Within ... output unmapped reads within the main SAM file (i.e. Aligned.out.sam)

                                2nd word:

                                KeepPairs ... record unmapped mate for each alignment, and, in case of unsorted output, keep it adjacent to its mapped mate. Only affects multi-mapping reads.

 

outSAMorder                     Paired

    string: type of sorting for the SAM output

                                Paired: one mate after the other for all paired alignments

                                PairedKeepInputOrder: one mate after the other for all paired alignments, the order is kept the same as in the input FASTQ files

 

outSAMprimaryFlag OneBestScore

    string: which alignments are considered primary - all others will be marked with 0x100 bit in the FLAG

                                OneBestScore ... only one alignment with the best score is primary

                                AllBestScore ... all alignments with the best score are primary

 

outSAMreadID Standard

    string: read ID record type

                                Standard ... first word (until space) from the FASTx read ID line, removing /1,/2 from the end

                                Number   ... read number (index) in the FASTx file

 

outSAMmapqUnique        255

    int: 0 to 255: the MAPQ value for unique mappers

 

outSAMflagOR           0

    int: 0 to 65535: sam FLAG will be bitwise OR'd with this value, i.e. FLAG=FLAG | outSAMflagOR. This is applied after all flags have been set by STAR, and after outSAMflagAND. Can be used to set specific bits that are not set otherwise.

 

outSAMflagAND           65535

    int: 0 to 65535: sam FLAG will be bitwise AND'd with this value, i.e. FLAG=FLAG & outSAMflagOR. This is applied after all flags have been set by STAR, but before outSAMflagOR. Can be used to unset specific bits that are not set otherwise.

 

outSAMattrRGline        -

    string(s): SAM/BAM read group line. The first word contains the read group identifier and must start with "ID:", e.g. --outSAMattrRGline id:xxx CN:yy "DS:z z z".

            xxx will be added as RG tag to each output alignment. Any spaces in the tag values have to be double quoted.

            Comma separated RG lines correspons to different (comma separated) input files in --readFilesIn. Commas have to be surrounded by spaces, e.g.

            --outSAMattrRGline id:xxx , id:zzz "DS:z z" , id:yyy DS:yyyy

 

outSAMheaderHD          -

    strings: @HD (header) line of the SAM header

 

outSAMheaderPG          -

    strings: extra @PG (software) line of the SAM header (in addition to STAR)

 

outSAMheaderCommentFile -

    string: path to the file with @CO (comment) lines of the SAM header

 

outSAMfilter            None

    string(s): filter the output into main SAM/BAM files

                        KeepOnlyAddedReferences ... only keep the reads for which all alignments are to the extra reference sequences added with --genomeFastaFiles at the mapping stage.

                        KeepAllAddedReferences ...  keep all alignments to the extra reference sequences added with --genomeFastaFiles at the mapping stage.

 

 

outSAMmultNmax          -1

    int: max number of multiple alignments for a read that will be output to the SAM/BAM files.

                        -1 ... all alignments (up to --outFilterMultimapNmax) will be output

 

outSAMtlen              1

    int: calculation method for the TLEN field in the SAM/BAM files

                        1 ... leftmost base of the (+)strand mate to rightmost base of the (-)mate. (+)sign for the (+)strand mate

                        2 ... leftmost base of any mate to rightmost base of any mate. (+)sign for the mate with the leftmost base. This is different from 1 for overlapping mates with protruding ends

 

outBAMcompression       1

    int: -1 to 10  BAM compression level, -1=default compression (6?), 0=no compression, 10=maximum compression

 

outBAMsortingThreadN    0

    int: >=0: number of threads for BAM sorting. 0 will default to min(6,--runThreadN).

 

outBAMsortingBinsN      50

    int: >0:  number of genome bins fo coordinate-sorting

 

### BAM processing

bamRemoveDuplicatesType  -

    string: mark duplicates in the BAM file, for now only works with (i) sorted BAM fed with inputBAMfile, and (ii) for paired-end alignments only

                        -                       ... no duplicate removal/marking

                        UniqueIdentical         ... mark all multimappers, and duplicate unique mappers. The coordinates, FLAG, CIGAR must be identical

                        UniqueIdenticalNotMulti  ... mark duplicate unique mappers but not multimappers.

 

bamRemoveDuplicatesMate2basesN   0

    int>0: number of bases from the 5' of mate 2 to use in collapsing (e.g. for RAMPAGE)

 

### Output Wiggle

outWigType          None

    string(s): type of signal output, e.g. "bedGraph" OR "bedGraph read1_5p". Requires sorted BAM: --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate .

                    1st word:

                    None       ... no signal output

                    bedGraph   ... bedGraph format

                    wiggle     ... wiggle format

                    2nd word:

                    read1_5p   ... signal from only 5' of the 1st read, useful for CAGE/RAMPAGE etc

                    read2      ... signal from only 2nd read

 

outWigStrand        Stranded

    string: strandedness of wiggle/bedGraph output

                    Stranded   ...  separate strands, str1 and str2

                    Unstranded ...  collapsed strands

 

outWigReferencesPrefix    -

    string: prefix matching reference names to include in the output wiggle file, e.g. "chr", default "-" - include all references

 

outWigNorm              RPM

    string: type of normalization for the signal

                        RPM    ... reads per million of mapped reads

                        None   ... no normalization, "raw" counts

 

### Output Filtering

outFilterType                   Normal

    string: type of filtering

                                Normal  ... standard filtering using only current alignment

                                BySJout ... keep only those reads that contain junctions that passed filtering into SJ.out.tab

 

outFilterMultimapScoreRange     1

    int: the score range below the maximum score for multimapping alignments

 

outFilterMultimapNmax           10

    int: maximum number of loci the read is allowed to map to. Alignments (all of them) will be output only if the read maps to no more loci than this value.

         Otherwise no alignments will be output, and the read will be counted as "mapped to too many loci" in the Log.final.out .

 

outFilterMismatchNmax           10

    int: alignment will be output only if it has no more mismatches than this value.

 

outFilterMismatchNoverLmax      0.3

    real: alignment will be output only if its ratio of mismatches to *mapped* length is less than or equal to this value.

 

outFilterMismatchNoverReadLmax  1.0

    real: alignment will be output only if its ratio of mismatches to *read* length is less than or equal to this value.

 

 

outFilterScoreMin               0

    int: alignment will be output only if its score is higher than or equal to this value.

 

outFilterScoreMinOverLread      0.66

    real: same as outFilterScoreMin, but  normalized to read length (sum of mates' lengths for paired-end reads)

 

outFilterMatchNmin              0

    int: alignment will be output only if the number of matched bases is higher than or equal to this value.

 

outFilterMatchNminOverLread     0.66

    real: sam as outFilterMatchNmin, but normalized to the read length (sum of mates' lengths for paired-end reads).

 

outFilterIntronMotifs           None

    string: filter alignment using their motifs

None                           ... no filtering

RemoveNoncanonical             ... filter out alignments that contain non-canonical junctions

RemoveNoncanonicalUnannotated  ... filter out alignments that contain non-canonical unannotated junctions when using annotated splice junctions database. The annotated non-canonical junctions will be kept.

 

outFilterIntronStrands          RemoveInconsistentStrands

    string: filter alignments

                RemoveInconsistentStrands      ... remove alignments that have junctions with inconsistent strands

                None                           ... no filtering

 

### Output Filtering: Splice Junctions

outSJfilterReads                All

    string: which reads to consider for collapsed splice junctions output

                All: all reads, unique- and multi-mappers

                Unique: uniquely mapping reads only

 

outSJfilterOverhangMin          30  12  12  12

    4 integers:    minimum overhang length for splice junctions on both sides for: (1) non-canonical motifs, (2) GT/AG and CT/AC motif, (3) GC/AG and CT/GC motif, (4) AT/AC and GT/AT motif. -1 means no output for that motif

                                does not apply to annotated junctions

 

outSJfilterCountUniqueMin       3   1   1   1

    4 integers: minimum uniquely mapping read count per junction for: (1) non-canonical motifs, (2) GT/AG and CT/AC motif, (3) GC/AG and CT/GC motif, (4) AT/AC and GT/AT motif. -1 means no output for that motif

                                Junctions are output if one of outSJfilterCountUniqueMin OR outSJfilterCountTotalMin conditions are satisfied

                                does not apply to annotated junctions

 

outSJfilterCountTotalMin     3   1   1   1

    4 integers: minimum total (multi-mapping+unique) read count per junction for: (1) non-canonical motifs, (2) GT/AG and CT/AC motif, (3) GC/AG and CT/GC motif, (4) AT/AC and GT/AT motif. -1 means no output for that motif

                                Junctions are output if one of outSJfilterCountUniqueMin OR outSJfilterCountTotalMin conditions are satisfied

                                does not apply to annotated junctions

 

outSJfilterDistToOtherSJmin     10  0   5   10

    4 integers>=0: minimum allowed distance to other junctions' donor/acceptor

                                does not apply to annotated junctions

 

outSJfilterIntronMaxVsReadN        50000 100000 200000

    N integers>=0: maximum gap allowed for junctions supported by 1,2,3,,,N reads

                                i.e. by default junctions supported by 1 read can have gaps <=50000b, by 2 reads: <=100000b, by 3 reads: <=200000. by >=4 reads any gap <=alignIntronMax

                                does not apply to annotated junctions

 

### Scoring

scoreGap                     0

    int: splice junction penalty (independent on intron motif)

 

scoreGapNoncan               -8

    int: non-canonical junction penalty (in addition to scoreGap)

 

scoreGapGCAG                 -4

    GC/AG and CT/GC junction penalty (in addition to scoreGap)

 

scoreGapATAC                 -8

    AT/AC  and GT/AT junction penalty  (in addition to scoreGap)

 

scoreGenomicLengthLog2scale   -0.25

    extra score logarithmically scaled with genomic length of the alignment: scoreGenomicLengthLog2scale*log2(genomicLength)

 

scoreDelOpen                 -2

    deletion open penalty

 

scoreDelBase                 -2

    deletion extension penalty per base (in addition to scoreDelOpen)

 

scoreInsOpen                 -2

    insertion open penalty

 

scoreInsBase                 -2

    insertion extension penalty per base (in addition to scoreInsOpen)

 

scoreStitchSJshift           1

    maximum score reduction while searching for SJ boundaries inthe stitching step

 

 

### Alignments and Seeding

 

seedSearchStartLmax             50

    int>0: defines the search start point through the read - the read is split into pieces no longer than this value

 

seedSearchStartLmaxOverLread    1.0

    real: seedSearchStartLmax normalized to read length (sum of mates' lengths for paired-end reads)

 

seedSearchLmax       0

    int>=0: defines the maximum length of the seeds, if =0 max seed lengthis infinite

 

seedMultimapNmax      10000

    int>0: only pieces that map fewer than this value are utilized in the stitching procedure

 

seedPerReadNmax       1000

    int>0: max number of seeds per read

 

seedPerWindowNmax     50

    int>0: max number of seeds per window

 

seedNoneLociPerWindow    10

    int>0: max number of one seed loci per window

 

seedSplitMin                12

    int>0: min length of the seed sequences split by Ns or mate gap

 

alignIntronMin              21

    minimum intron size: genomic gap is considered intron if its length>=alignIntronMin, otherwise it is considered Deletion

 

alignIntronMax              0

    maximum intron size, if 0, max intron size will be determined by (2^winBinNbits)*winAnchorDistNbins

 

alignMatesGapMax            0

    maximum gap between two mates, if 0, max intron gap will be determined by (2^winBinNbits)*winAnchorDistNbins

 

alignSJoverhangMin          5

    int>0: minimum overhang (i.e. block size) for spliced alignments

 

alignSJstitchMismatchNmax   0 -1 0 0

    4*int>=0: maximum number of mismatches for stitching of the splice junctions (-1: no limit).

                            (1) non-canonical motifs, (2) GT/AG and CT/AC motif, (3) GC/AG and CT/GC motif, (4) AT/AC and GT/AT motif.

 

alignSJDBoverhangMin        3

    int>0: minimum overhang (i.e. block size) for annotated (sjdb) spliced alignments

 

alignSplicedMateMapLmin     0

    int>0: minimum mapped length for a read mate that is spliced

 

alignSplicedMateMapLminOverLmate 0.66

    real>0: alignSplicedMateMapLmin normalized to mate length

 

alignWindowsPerReadNmax     10000

    int>0: max number of windows per read

 

alignTranscriptsPerWindowNmax       100

    int>0: max number of transcripts per window

 

alignTranscriptsPerReadNmax               10000

    int>0: max number of different alignments per read to consider

 

alignEndsType           Local

    string: type of read ends alignment

                        Local             ... standard local alignment with soft-clipping allowed

                        EndToEnd          ... force end-to-end read alignment, do not soft-clip

                        Extend5pOfRead1   ... fully extend only the 5p of the read1, all other ends: local alignment

                        Extend5pOfReads12 ... fully extend only the 5p of the both read1 and read2, all other ends: local alignment

 

alignEndsProtrude       0    ConcordantPair

    int, string:        allow protrusion of alignment ends, i.e. start (end) of the +strand mate downstream of the start (end) of the -strand mate

                        1st word: int: maximum number of protrusion bases allowed

                        2nd word: string:

                                            ConcordantPair ... report alignments with non-zero protrusion as concordant pairs

                                            DiscordantPair ... report alignments with non-zero protrusion as discordant pairs

 

alignSoftClipAtReferenceEnds    Yes

    string: allow the soft-clipping of the alignments past the end of the chromosomes

                                Yes ... allow

                                No  ... prohibit, useful for compatibility with Cufflinks

 

alignInsertionFlush     None

    string: how to flush ambiguous insertion positions

                        None    ... insertions are not flushed

                        Right   ... insertions are flushed to the right

 

### Paired-End reads

peOverlapNbasesMin          0

    int>=0:             minimum number of overlap bases to trigger mates merging and realignment

 

peOverlapMMp                0.01

    real, >=0 & <1:     maximum proportion of mismatched bases in the overlap area

 

### Windows, Anchors, Binning

 

winAnchorMultimapNmax           50

    int>0: max number of loci anchors are allowed to map to

 

winBinNbits                     16

    int>0: =log2(winBin), where winBin is the size of the bin for the windows/clustering, each window will occupy an integer number of bins.

 

winAnchorDistNbins              9

    int>0: max number of bins between two anchors that allows aggregation of anchors into one window

 

winFlankNbins                   4

    int>0: log2(winFlank), where win Flank is the size of the left and right flanking regions for each window

 

winReadCoverageRelativeMin      0.5

    real>=0: minimum relative coverage of the read sequence by the seeds in a window, for STARlong algorithm only.

 

winReadCoverageBasesMin      0

    int>0: minimum number of bases covered by the seeds in a window , for STARlong algorithm only.

 

### Chimeric Alignments

chimOutType                 Junctions

    string(s): type of chimeric output

                            Junctions       ... Chimeric.out.junction

                            SeparateSAMold  ... output old SAM into separate Chimeric.out.sam file

                            WithinBAM       ... output into main aligned BAM files (Aligned.*.bam)

                            WithinBAM HardClip  ... (default) hard-clipping in the CIGAR for supplemental chimeric alignments (defaultif no 2nd word is present)

                            WithinBAM SoftClip  ... soft-clipping in the CIGAR for supplemental chimeric alignments

 

chimSegmentMin              0

    int>=0: minimum length of chimeric segment length, if ==0, no chimeric output

 

chimScoreMin                0

    int>=0: minimum total (summed) score of the chimeric segments

 

chimScoreDropMax            20

    int>=0: max drop (difference) of chimeric score (the sum of scores of all chimeric segments) from the read length

 

chimScoreSeparation         10

    int>=0: minimum difference (separation) between the best chimeric score and the next one

 

chimScoreJunctionNonGTAG    -1

    int: penalty for a non-GT/AG chimeric junction

 

chimJunctionOverhangMin     20

    int>=0: minimum overhang for a chimeric junction

 

chimSegmentReadGapMax       0

    int>=0: maximum gap in the read sequence between chimeric segments

 

chimFilter                  banGenomicN

    string(s): different filters for chimeric alignments

                            None ... no filtering

                            banGenomicN ... Ns are not allowed in the genome sequence around the chimeric junction

 

chimMainSegmentMultNmax        10

    int>=1: maximum number of multi-alignments for the main chimeric segment. =1 will prohibit multimapping main segments.

 

chimMultimapNmax                    0

    int>=0: maximum number of chimeric multi-alignments

                                0 ... use the old scheme for chimeric detection which only considered unique alignments

 

chimMultimapScoreRange          1

    int>=0: the score range for multi-mapping chimeras below the best chimeric score. Only works with --chimMultimapNmax > 1

 

chimNonchimScoreDropMin         20

    int>=0: to trigger chimeric detection, the drop in the best non-chimeric alignment score with respect to the read length has to be greater than this value

 

chimOutJunctionFormat           0

    int: formatting type for the Chimeric.out.junction file

                                0 ... no comment lines/headers

                                1 ... comment lines at the end of the file: command line and Nreads: total, unique, multi

 

### Quantification of Annotations

quantMode                   -

    string(s): types of quantification requested

                            -                ... none

                            TranscriptomeSAM ... output SAM/BAM alignments to transcriptome into a separate file

                            GeneCounts       ... count reads per gene

 

quantTranscriptomeBAMcompression    1       1

    int: -2 to 10  transcriptome BAM compression level

                            -2  ... no BAM output

                            -1  ... default compression (6?)

                             0  ... no compression

                             10 ... maximum compression

 

quantTranscriptomeBan       IndelSoftclipSingleend

    string: prohibit various alignment type

                            IndelSoftclipSingleend  ... prohibit indels, soft clipping and single-end alignments - compatible with RSEM

                            Singleend               ... prohibit single-end alignments

 

### 2-pass Mapping

twopassMode                 None

    string: 2-pass mapping mode.

                            None        ... 1-pass mapping

                            Basic       ... basic 2-pass mapping, with all 1st pass junctions inserted into the genome indices on the fly

 

twopass1readsN              -1

    int: number of reads to process for the 1st step. Use very large number (or default -1) to map all reads in the first step.

 

 

### WASP parameters

waspOutputMode              None

    string: WASP allele-specific output type. This is re-implemenation of the original WASP mappability filtering by Bryce van de Geijn, Graham McVicker, Yoav Gilad & Jonathan K Pritchard. Please cite the original WASP paper: Nature Methods 12, 1061–1063 (2015), https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.3582 .

                            SAMtag      ... add WASP tags to the alignments that pass WASP filtering

 

### STARsolo (single cell RNA-seq) parameters

soloType                    None

    string(s): type of single-cell RNA-seq

                            CB_UMI_Simple   ... (a.k.a. Droplet) one UMI and one Cell Barcode of fixed length in read2, e.g. Drop-seq and 10X Chromium

                            CB_UMI_Complex  ... one UMI of fixed length, but multiple Cell Barcodes of varying length, as well as adapters sequences are allowed in read2 only, e.g. inDrop.

 

soloCBwhitelist             -

    string(s): file(s) with whitelist(s) of cell barcodes. Only one file allowed with 

 

soloCBstart                 1

    int>0: cell barcode start base

 

soloCBlen                   16

    int>0: cell barcode length

 

soloUMIstart                17

    int>0: UMI start base

 

soloUMIlen                  10

    int>0: UMI length

 

soloBarcodeReadLength       1

    int: length of the barcode read

                            1   ... equal to sum of soloCBlen+soloUMIlen

                            0   ... not defined, do not check

 

soloCBposition              -

    strings(s)              position of Cell Barcode(s) on the barcode read.

                            Presently only works with --soloType CB_UMI_Complex, and barcodes are assumed to be on Read2.

                            Format for each barcode: startAnchor_startDistance_endAnchor_endDistance

                            start(end)Anchor defines the anchor base for the CB: 0: read start; 1: read end; 2: adapter start; 3: adapter end

                            start(end)Distance is the distance from the CB start(end) to the Anchor base

                            String for different barcodes are separated by space.

                            Example: inDrop (Zilionis et al, Nat. Protocols, 2017):

                            --soloCBposition  0_0_2_-1  3_1_3_8

 

soloUMIposition             -

    string                  position of the UMI on the barcode read, same as soloCBposition

                            Example: inDrop (Zilionis et al, Nat. Protocols, 2017):

                            --soloCBposition  3_9_3_14

 

soloAdapterSequence         -

    string:                 adapter sequence to anchor barcodes.

 

soloAdapterMismatchesNmax   1

    int>0:                  maximum number of mismatches allowed in adapter sequence.

 

soloCBmatchWLtype           1MM_multi

    string:                 matching the Cell Barcodes to the WhiteList

                            Exact                   ... only exact matches allowed

                            1MM                     ... only one match in whitelist with 1 mismatched base allowed. Allowed CBs have to have at least one read with exact match.

                            1MM_multi               ... multiple matches in whitelist with 1 mismatched base allowed, posterior probability calculation is used choose one of the matches. 

                                                        Allowed CBs have to have at least one read with exact match. Similar to CellRanger 2.2.0

                            1MM_multi_pseudocounts  ... same as 1MM_Multi, but pseudocounts of 1 are added to all whitelist barcodes.

                                                        Similar to CellRanger 3.x.x

 

soloStrand                  Forward

    string: strandedness of the solo libraries:

                            Unstranded  ... no strand information

                            Forward     ... read strand same as the original RNA molecule

                            Reverse     ... read strand opposite to the original RNA molecule

 

soloFeatures                Gene

    string(s):              genomic features for which the UMI counts per Cell Barcode are collected

                            Gene            ... genes: reads match the gene transcript

                            SJ              ... splice junctions: reported in SJ.out.tab

                            GeneFull        ... full genes: count all reads overlapping genes' exons and introns

                            Transcript3p   ... quantification of transcript for 3' protocols

 

soloUMIdedup                1MM_All

    string(s):              type of UMI deduplication (collapsing) algorithm

                            1MM_All             ... all UMIs with 1 mismatch distance to each other are collapsed (i.e. counted once)

                            1MM_Directional     ... follows the "directional" method from the UMI-tools by Smith, Heger and Sudbery (Genome Research 2017).

                            Exact               ... only exactly matching UMIs are collapsed

 

soloUMIfiltering            -

    string(s)               type of UMI filtering

                            -               ... basic filtering: remove UMIs with N and homopolymers (similar to CellRanger 2.2.0)

                            MultiGeneUMI    ... remove lower-count UMIs that map to more than one gene (introduced in CellRanger 3.x.x)

 

soloOutFileNames            Solo.out/          features.tsv barcodes.tsv        matrix.mtx

    string(s)               file names for STARsolo output:

                            file_name_prefix   gene_names   barcode_sequences   cell_feature_count_matrix

 

soloCellFilter              CellRanger2.2 3000 0.99 10

    string(s):              cell filtering type and parameters

                            CellRanger2.2   ... simple filtering of CellRanger 2.2, followed by thre numbers: number of expected cells, robust maximum percentile for UMI count, maximum to minimum ratio for UMI count

                            TopCells        ... only report top cells by UMI count, followed by the excat number of cells

                            None            ... do not output filtered cells

 

 

 

 

 

ラン

1,indexing 

mkdir genome #出力用のディレクトリを作成
STAR --runMode genomeGenerate --genomeDir genome/ --genomeFastaFiles reference.fasta --sjdbGTFfile reference.gtf --sjdbOverhang 100 --runThreadN 12
  • --runMode genomeGenerate  generate genome files  
  • --genomeDir path/to/genomeDir
  • --genomeFastaFiles path/to/genome/fasta1,fasta2...
  • --sjdbGTFfile path/to/annotation.gtf
  • --sjdbOverhang (default100) length of the donor/acceptor sequence on each side of the junctions, ideally = (mate_length - 1)
  • --runThreadN (default1)number of threads to run STAR

 

2、Mapping

STAR --genomeDir genome/ --readFilesIn R1.fastq R2.fastq --runThreadN 12 --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate --outFileNamePrefix sample1

#gzipped fastq
STAR --genomeDir genome/ --readFilesIn R1.fq.gz R2.fq.gz --runThreadN 12 --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate --outFileNamePrefix sample1 --readFilesCommand zcat
  • --genomeDir path/to/genomeDir
  • --readFilesIn paths to files that contain input read1 (and, if needed, read2)
  • --runThreadN (default1)number of threads to run STAR
  • --outFileNamePrefix output files name prefix (including full or relative path).
  • --outSAMtype BAM output BAM without sorting
  • --readFilesCommand       string(s): command line to execute for each of the input file. This command should generate FASTA or FASTQ text and send it to stdout. For example: zcat - to uncompress .gz files, bzcat - to uncompress .bz2 files, etc.

終わるとsample1Aligned.sortedByCoord.out.bamができる。

 

 

その他

  • contigの数が多くてメモリエラーが出てしまう場合はlimitGenomeGenerateRAMの数値を上げてやり直してください。それでもダメな場合はgenomeSAsparseDのフラグを1から2以上に切り替えて見てください。マッピング時間は長くなってしまいますが、メモリ要求量を削減できます。例えば"--genomeSAsparseD 3"など
  • STARではunmapのリード情報は出力されません。unmapをfastqとして出力するにはフラグを立てる必要があります。注意して下さい。
  • BAMoutput.cpp:27:BAMoutput: exiting because of *OUTPUT FILE* error:というエラーはユーザが利用できるリソースを増やすことで回避できます。ulimitの数を1024から倍に増やすには"ulimit -n 2048"
  • 最適化に関するペーパーが出ています。

    Optimizing RNA-Seq Mapping with STAR.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115637

  • 標準のSTAR出力には、ゲノムに対するリニアなアライメントのみが含まれていて、キメラ配列のアライメントは含まれていません。キメラ転写産物のリードも出力するには--chimSegmentMin <INT>を1以上に指定する必要があります(引用)。数値は、キメラ配列の2つのキメラセグメントのそれぞれに許される最小の長さを意味します。0だとキメラ配列のアラインメントは出力されません。
#gzipped fastq
STAR --genomeDir genome/ --readFilesIn R1.fq.gz R2.fq.gz --runThreadN 12 --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate --outFileNamePrefix sample1 --readFilesCommand zcat --chimSegmentMin 20
  • --chimSegmentMin <INT>   int>=0: minimum length of chimeric segment length, if ==0, no chimeric output

=> キメラ配列が含まれたアラインメントが追加で出力されます。Chimeric.out.junctionには、STAR専用フォーマットのキメラ・ジャンクション情報が含まれています。マニュアルに詳細は記載されています。

 

  • multiqcでレポートを作成
multiqc . #STARの出力ディレクトリで打つ。

f:id:kazumaxneo:20180206120540j:plain

 

  • 時間がかかりすぎることが気になるなら、RApMapを検討してみてください。メモリなどのリソースが少ないマシンでも動くように設計されています。

 

引用

STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner

Alexander Dobin,1,* Carrie A. Davis,1 Felix Schlesinger,1 Jorg Drenkow,1 Chris Zaleski,1 Sonali Jha,1 Philippe Batut,1 Mark Chaisson,2 and Thomas R. Gingeras1

Bioinformatics. 2013 Jan; 29(1): 15–21.

 

Mapping RNA-seq Reads with STAR

Alexander Dobin and Thomas R. Gingeras

Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 Sep 3.

 

参考

バイオインフォ道場

http://bioinfo-dojo.net/2017/04/18/star_rna-seq-aligner/